Intravascular Imaging-Guided Versus Coronary Angiography-Guided Complex PCI: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

INTRODUCTION: Trials evaluating the role of intravascular imaging in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for complex coronary artery disease have yielded mixed results. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of intravascular imaging specifically intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) with those from conventional coronary angiography in complex PCI. METHODS: Comprehensive electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed until March 2023 for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing intravascular imaging with coronary angiography in patients undergoing complex PCI. Complex PCI was defined per each study, and included PCI for American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) type B2/C lesions, unprotected left main coronary artery disease, or multivessel stenting. The primary study outcome was major adverse clinical events (MACE). RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 10 RCTs with a total of 6615 patients (3576 in the intravascular imaging group and 3039 in the coronary angiography group). The weighted mean-follow up was 28.9 months. Compared with coronary angiography, intravascular imaging reduced MACE (8% vs. 13.3%; relative risk [RR] 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54-0.73), cardiac death (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.31-0.73), definite/probable stent thrombosis (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.24-0.97), target vessel revascularization (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.46-0.83), and target lesion revascularization (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.47-0.79). There was no difference between both groups in all-cause death (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.53-1.18) and myocardial infarction (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.61-1.04). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing complex PCI, intravascular imaging-specifically IVUS-reduced MACE by decreasing the incidence of cardiac death, stent thrombosis, and target vessel and target lesion revascularization.

Outcomes With Malignancy-Associated High-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: A Nationwide Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics and outcomes among patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) and malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Nationwide Readmissions Database was used to identify hospitalizations with high-risk PE from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. The main outcome was the difference in all-cause in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Among 28,547 weighted hospitalizations with high-risk PE, 4,825 (16.9%) had malignancy. Admissions with malignancy had a lower prevalence of other comorbid conditions except for anemia and coagulopathy. The use of systemic thrombolysis, catheter-directed interventions, and surgical embolectomy was less common among admissions with malignancy, whereas the use of inferior vena cava filter was more common among those with malignancy. All-cause in-hospital mortality was higher among admissions with malignancy even after adjustment (adjusted odds ratio, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.72 to 2.11; P<.001). Metastatic genitourinary, gastrointestinal (other than colorectal), and lung malignancies were associated with the highest incidence of in-hospital mortality. The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (3.9% vs 3.1%; P=.056) and the composite of non-intracranial hemorrhage bleeding (21.9% vs 20.6%; P=.185) was not different between admissions with and without malignancy. However, admissions with malignancy had higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding. CONCLUSION: In this nationwide analysis of patients admitted with high-risk PE, malignancy was independently associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality. The risk was highest among patients with metastatic genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and lung malignancies. Advanced therapies were less frequently used among patients with malignancy.

Intravenous iron therapy among patients with heart failure and iron deficiency: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the role of intravenous (IV) iron administration in patients with heart failure (HF) and iron deficiency (ID) have yielded inconsistent results. Methods: Electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and OVID databases was performed until November 2022 for RCTs that evaluated the role of IV iron administration in patients with HF and ID. The main study outcomes were the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality, and individual outcome of HF hospitalization. Summary estimates were evaluated using random effects model. Results: The final analysis included 12 RCTs with 3,492 patients (1,831 patients in the IV iron group and 1,661 patients in the control group). The mean follow-up was 8.3 months. IV iron was associated with a lower incidence in the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality (31.9% vs. 45.3%; relative risk [RR] 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.88) and individual outcome of HF hospitalization (28.4% vs. 42.2; RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.57-0.85). There was no significant difference between both groups in cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.75-1.04) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.83-1.09). IV iron was associated with lower New York Heart Association class and higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Meta-regression analyses showed no effect modification for the main outcomes based on age, hemoglobin level, ferritin level or LVEF. Conclusion: Among patients with HF and ID, IV iron administration was associated with reduction in the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality and driven by a reduction in HF hospitalization.

Contemporary Trends, Predictors and Outcomes of Perforation During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (From the NCDR Cath PCI Registry).

Coronary artery perforation (CP) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Given the marked increase in high-risk and complex PCIs, careful review and understanding of PCI complications may help to improve procedural and clinical outcomes. Our aim was to study the trends, predictors and outcomes of CP in the contemporary era. This cross-sectional multicenter analysis included data collected from institutions participating in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry between July 2009 and June 2015. Multivariable logistic regression models were created to identify predictors of CP and compare the in-hospital outcomes of CP and non-CP patients. Of 3,759,268 PCIs performed during the study period, there were 13,779 CP (0.37%). During the study period, the proportion of PCI that developed CP remained unchanged (0.33% to 0.4%) (p for trend 0.16). Chronic total occlusion (CTO) PCI as percentage of total PCI volume increased over the study period (3% to 4%) (p for trend <0.001) with a concomitant significant increase in CTOs with perforation (1.2% to 1.5%, p for trend = 0.02). CTO PCI (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.59) female gender (OR 1.38), saphenous vein graft PCI (OR 1.2), ACC Type C lesion (1.48), cardiogenic shock on presentation (1.15), and use of atherectomy (laser/ rotational) (OR 2.38) were significant predictors of CP. CP patients had significantly higher rates of cardiogenic shock (7.73% vs 1.02%), tamponade (9.6% vs 0.05%) and death (4.87% vs 1.14%) compared with those without CP. Strongest predictors of any adverse events amongst CP were cardiogenic shock (OR 3.93), cardiac arrest (OR 2.02) and use of atherectomy device (OR 2.5). Use of covered stents was also strongly associated with adverse events (OR 3.67) reflecting severity of these CPs. CP in CTO PCI had higher rates of any adverse event than non-CTO CP (26.8% vs 22%, p < 0.001). However non-CTO CP had higher rates of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (urgent, emergent, or salvage) (5.8% vs 4.5%, p = 0.03) and death (6.9% vs 5.6%, p = 0.04). CP in CABG PCI had fewer adverse events compared with those without previous CABG (16.1% vs 24.7%). In a large real world experience, we identified several clinical and procedural factors associated with increased risk of CP and adverse outcomes. The trends in CP remained constant over the study period.

The safety and efficacy of anterior versus posterior decompression surgery in degenerative cervical myelopathy: a prospective randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: The safety and efficacy of anterior and posterior decompression surgery in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) have not been validated in any prospective randomized trial. METHODS: In this first prospective randomized trial, the patients who had symptoms or signs of DCM were randomly assigned to undergo either anterior cervical discectomy and fusion or posterior laminectomy with or without fusion. The primary outcome measures were the change in the visual analog scale (VAS) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Nurick myelopathy grade 1 year after surgery. The secondary outcome measures were intraoperative and postoperative complications, hospital stay, and Odom's criteria. The follow-up period was at least 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients (mean age 53 ± 8.3 years, 72.3% men) underwent prospective randomization. There was a significantly better outcome in the NDI and VAS scores in the anterior group at 1 year (p < 0.05). Nurick myelopathy grading showed nonsignificant improvement using the posterior approach group (p = 0.79). The mean operative duration was significantly longer in the anterior group (p < 0.001). No significant difference in postoperative complications was found, except postoperative dysphagia was significantly higher in the anterior group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative patient satisfaction (Odom's criteria) (p = 0.52). The mean hospital stay was significantly longer in the posterior group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with multilevel DCM, the anterior approach was significantly better regarding postoperative pain, NDI, and hospital stay, while the posterior approach was significantly better in terms of postoperative dysphagia and operative duration.

Technique and outcome of autotransplanting thyroid tissue after total thyroidectomy for simple multinodular goiters.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Limited animal and human studies have shown function, albeit inadequate, of implanted thyroid tissue in muscles. This work aimed to ascertain results in a larger number of patients, finding practical method for implantation, studying the effect of changing weight of implant and effect of passage of time on its function. METHODS: Forty patients had total thyroidectomy for simple multinodular goiters. A piece of the excised gland was finely minced, mixed with saline as emulsion, and injected in thigh muscles. Twelve patients had 5-g implants, while 28 patients had 10-g implants. Four parameters were studied at 2 months, 6 months, and 12 months: technetium isotope uptake by the implant; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); free T3 (FT3); and free T4 (FT4). RESULTS: All autotransplanted thyroid tissue survived and functioned. After 12 months, mean values (± standard deviation) of isotope uptake, TSH, FT3, and FT4 of the 5-g implants were 0.44 ± 0.16%, 27.74 ± 30.4 UI/mL, 3.07 ± 1.10 pg/mL, and 1.01 ± 0.3 ng/dL, repectively. Those for the 10 g implants were 0.71 ± 0.20%, 22.78 ± 19.7 UI/mL, 3.92 ± 1.2 pg/mL, and 1.05 ± 0.3 ng/dL, repectively. Ten-gram implants showed significantly higher isotope uptake than 5-g. TSH, FT3, and FT4 significantly improved over the period of 1 year. CONCLUSION: Injection of thyroid tissue suspension is a simple method for thyroid autotransplantation. TSH was elevated in the majority to maintain normal or near normal thyroid hormones. Ten-gram implants showed higher isotope uptake than 5-g, although this difference was not reflected by thyroid hormone profile. The implant seemed to function better with the passage of time from 2 months to 12 months.

Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization Before Noncardiac Surgery: A Report From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry.

IMPORTANCE: Many patients undergo cardiac catheterization and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) before noncardiac surgery even though these procedures are not routinely indicated. Data on this cohort of patients are limited. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics, angiographic findings, and treatment patterns of clinically stable patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and/or PCI before noncardiac surgery in a large national registry. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This study is a retrospective, descriptive analysis of National Cardiac Data Registry CathPCI Registry diagnostic catheterization and PCI data from July 1, 2009, through December 31, 2014. Data analysis was performed from April 21, 2015, to January 4, 2016. The study included 194 444 patients from 1046 sites who underwent coronary angiography before noncardiac surgery. Patients with acute coronary syndrome, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, or emergency catheterization were excluded. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Demographic characteristics, preprocedure noninvasive testing results, angiographic findings, and treatment recommendations are summarized. Among the 27 838 patients who underwent PCI, procedural details, inpatient outcomes, and discharge medications are reported. RESULTS: Of the 194 444 included patients, 113 590 (58.4%) were male, the median age was 65 years (interquartile range, 57-73 years), and 162 532 (83.6%) were white. Most were overweight or obese (152 849 [78.6%]), and 78 847 (40.6%) had diabetes mellitus. Most patients were asymptomatic (117 821 [60.6%]), although 112 302 (57.8%) had been taking antianginal medications within 2 weeks of the procedure. Prior noninvasive stress testing was reported in 126 766 (65.2%), and results were positive in 109 458 (86.3%) of those with stress data. Obstructive disease was present in 93 447 (48.1%). After diagnostic angiography, revascularization with PCI or bypass surgery was recommended in 46 380 patients (23.8%) in the overall cohort, 27 191 asymptomatic patients (23.1%), and 45 083 patients with obstructive disease (48.3%). In the 27 191 patients undergoing PCI, 367 treated lesions (1.3%) were in the left main artery and 3831 (13.8%) in the proximal left anterior descending artery. A total of 11 366 patients (40.8%) received drug-eluting stents. Complications occurred in a few patients, with a catheterization-related mortality rate of 0.05%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In the largest contemporary US cohort reported to date, most patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization before noncardiac surgery are asymptomatic. The discovery of obstructive coronary artery disease is common, and although randomized clinical trials have found no benefit in outcomes, revascularization is recommended in nearly half of these patients. The overall findings highlight management patterns in this population and the need for greater evidence-based guidelines and practices.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fluorescent Visualization of Bile Ducts Using Fluorescein and Ultraviolet A at Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Background This work studied the diagnostic effectiveness of a new technology and device to augment visualization of bile ducts at laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It depends on excitation of fluorescein in bile by ultraviolet light to get green fluorescent light emanating from these ducts. Methods Forty laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients received fluorescein sodium injections either in the gallbladder or intravenously, followed by exposure of the expected bile ducts area to ultraviolet light that was delivered by a specially designed device. Neutral observing surgeons were asked to judge whether or not they could see fluorescent bile ducts early in the operation before they were displayed by dissection. Accordingly, specificity, sensitivity, likelihood ratios, and predictive values of the technique were calculated. Results Fluorescent bile ducts were seen at an earlier stage than their detection by dissection in 33 out of 40 operations. The technique had 100% specificity, 82.5% sensitivity, 0.18 negative likelihood ratio, 100% positive predictive value, and 85.11% negative predictive value. There were no complications related to the technique. Conclusions The developing ultraviolet/fluorescein technique is helpful in early localization of bile ducts at laparoscopic cholecystectomy. When fluorescence is detected in the field, the technique can be completely relied on to denote the position of bile ducts. In a few cases fluorescence is not detected. Here further development of the device is the need to improve its sensitivity. Otherwise, the technique is quite simple and safe.

Femoral arterial closure using ProGlide® is more efficacious and cost-effective when ambulating early following cardiac catheterization.

OBJECTIVE: This was a prospective, single-center study evaluating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of early ambulation (within 30 min) following femoral artery closure with the ProGlide® suture-mediated vascular closure device (PD) in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization compared with manual compression. BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether early ambulation with ProGlide is safe or is associated with patient satisfaction and cost savings as compared with manual compression (MC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Inclusion criteria were met in 170 patients (85 PD and 85 MC patients). Patients ambulated 20 ft. within 30 min (PD) or after the requisite 4 h recumbent time (MC) if feasible. Primary endpoint was time-to-ambulation (TTA) following device closure. We also directly compared the safety of closure, times-to-hemostasis (TTH), -ambulation (TTA) and -discharge (TTD) with MC and, using a fully allocated cost model, performed cost analysis for both strategies. Multivariate analysis was used to determine predictors of patient satisfaction. The primary endpoint of safe, early ambulation was achieved following closure (mean of 27.1 ± 14.9 min; 95% confidence interval [CI] 25.2-30.2). Predictors of patient satisfaction in the PD group were absence of pain during closure, decreased TTA, and drastic reductions in TTD; the latter contributed indirectly to significant cost savings in the PD group (1250.3 ± 146.4 vs. 2248.1 ± 910.2 dollars, respectively; P < 0.001) and incremental cost savings by strategy also favored closure over MC ($84,807). CONCLUSIONS: ProGlide is safe and effective for femoral artery closure in patients who ambulate within 30 min after cardiac catheterization; translating into improved patient satisfaction and substantial cost savings.

Orthopaedic Surgeons as Clinical Leaders in the National Health Service, United Kingdom (NHS UK): Can the World Learn From Us?

This article outlines some of the key concepts in leadership (both styles and theories) to provide a platform for further learning and to help the modern day orthopaedic surgeons to apply these concepts to their current practice. It is focused on two major aspects: management of medical organizations and effective twenty-first century care by surgeons through proper leadership guide and aimed in improving patient care outcomes. Practicing proper leadership skills based on evidence resulted in effective management of organization. Thus achieving patient's satisfaction.

Predictors and clinical impact of pre-existing and acquired thrombocytopenia following transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited regarding transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)-related thrombocytopenia (TP). We sought to thoroughly characterize the presence, clinical impact, and severity of TP associated with TAVR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were collected from 90 patients who underwent TAVR using the Edwards SAPIEN valve (59 TF, 29 TA, 2 Tao). Platelet counts were evaluated peri-procedurally and for 8 days following TAVR. Platelet levels were compared and patients were divided into a no TP (No-TP) group 1, acquired (new) TP (NTP) group 2, pre-existing (pre-TAVR) TP (PTP) group 3, and further stratified based on the severity of TP: mild (M) TP (100-149 × 10(3) cell/µL) and moderate-severe (MS) TP (<100 × 10(3) cell/µL). Pre-TAVR point prevalence and post-TAVR incidence of TP were 40% and 79%, respectively (P < 0.001); nadir platelet count in all groups occurred day 4 post-TAVR. Baseline predictors for developing MS TP in groups 2-3 included baseline TP, leaner body mass, smaller pre-procedural aortic valve area, higher peak aortic jet velocity, and worsening baseline renal function. Development of "major" TP (nadir platelet count <100 × 103 cell/µL, ≥50% decrease) predicted a higher risk of major vascular complications (OR 2.78 [95% CI, 1.58-3.82]) and major bleeding (OR 3.18 [95% CI, 1.33-5.42]) in group 3. CONCLUSION: TAVR-related TP is predictable and classification by PTP and TP severity prior to TAVR allows for better risk stratification in predicting in-hospital clinical outcomes. Major TP in the presence of worsening TP is predictable and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Association of Previous Revascularization With In-Hospital Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: Results From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or no previous revascularization undergoing primary PCI. BACKGROUND: Limited data exist regarding door-to-balloon times and clinical outcomes of STEMI patients with a history of CABG or PCI undergoing primary PCI. METHODS: We examined 15,628 STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI at 297 sites in the United States. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to compare door-to-balloon time delays >90 min and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: Patients with previous CABG were significantly older and more likely to have multiple comorbidities (p < 0.0001). Previous CABG was associated with a lower likelihood of a door-to-balloon time ≤90 min compared with patients with no previous revascularization. However, no significant differences in door-to-balloon times were noted between patients with previous PCI and those without previous revascularization. The unadjusted MACCE risk was significantly higher in patients with a history of CABG compared with patients without previous revascularization (odds ratio: 1.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.23 to 2.31). However, after multivariable risk adjustment, there were no significant differences in MACCE risk between the 2 groups. No significant differences in in-hospital outcomes were seen in patients with a previous PCI and those without previous revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI, patients with previous CABG were more likely to have reperfusion delays, yet risk-adjusted, in-hospital outcomes were similar to those without previous revascularization. No significant differences in reperfusion timeliness and in-hospital outcomes were seen in patients with a history of PCI compared with patients without previous revascularization.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in a Jehovah's Witness: a management dilemma.

Jehovah's witnesses represent a unique group of patients whose religious beliefs prohibit receiving transfusion of all blood products. Since most chemotherapeutic regimens used to treat acute leukemia are myelosuppressive and often resulting in potentially life threatening pancytopenia, their refusal of blood products poses a challenge to clinicians. We report a case of a Jehovah's Witness patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who was successfully treated with non-myelosuppressive chemotherapy for both first and second remission and achieved complete remissions both times without transfusion of blood products.

Cardiac sarcoidosis: electrophysiological outcomes on long-term follow-up and the role of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the predictors of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) and to evaluate the role of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in this patient population. BACKGROUND: ICD implantation is a class IIA recommendation for patients with CS. However, some indications for ICD implantation in CS patients are still unclear and not enough data are available to establish predictors of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias in this group of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively identified all consecutive patients who were diagnosed with CS, during the period from March 2002 to April 2010. Cardiac rhythm devices were regularly interrogated and clinical data recorded during follow-up visits. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (17 male) with CS were identified. The mean age was 53 ± 11. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 41 ± 18%. Thirty patients received an ICD. Twelve patients (36.3%) had sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Eleven patients received appropriate therapies and 9 patients received inappropriate shocks, representing 36.7% and 30.0% of the ICD population, respectively. Patients who received appropriate ICD therapies were younger with mean age 47.4 ± 7.8, and had a lower mean LVEF 33.0 ± 12.0 compared to those who did not receive ICD therapies (P = 0.0301 and 0.0341, respectively). There were no other demographic, clinical, electrocardiographic, electrophysiological, or imaging markers that predicted the future occurrence of appropriate ICD therapies in our cohort of patients. CONCLUSIONS: CS is strongly associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. No specific predictors of such tachyarrhythmias emerged, other than young age and low LVEF.

Anomalous muscle bundles causing double-chambered right ventricle in adults.

Double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) causing right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, is an uncommon cardiac disease especially when first diagnosed in adults. Diagnosis can be challenging when it is asymptomatic. We report a 40-year-old man who was referred to cardiology for work-up of a heart murmur that was found on a routine physical examination prior to obtaining a pilot's license. A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) revealed a DCRV and a small perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) with left-to-right shunt and severe RVOT obstruction. Right heart catheterization showed an estimated gradient of 135 mm Hg across the two chambers due to subpulmonary stenosis. The pressure in the proximal right ventricular chamber was 160/25 mm Hg and 25/17 mm Hg in the distal chamber. Surgical correction was successfully performed. A postoperative TEE showed no residual gradients across the RVOT. DCRV has been reported as a rare disease in adults. It is difficult to diagnose DCRV using the transthoracic echocardiogram in adults. However, subcostal windows can offer better visualization of subpulmonary outflow tract compared to the parasternal and apical windows. TEE remains the main non-invasive modality for diagnosing DCRV in adults. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and invasive testing can provide further information to confirm the diagnosis and guide therapeutic decisions.

Predictors of early mortality after hip fracture surgery.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine causes and potential risk factors for 30-day mortality after hip fracture surgery (HFS) at a high-volume tertiary-care hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 467 patients who underwent HFS at our institution. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to identify potential predictors of early mortality. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality rate was 7.5% (35/467). The most common causes of death were pneumonia (37.1%, 13/35), acute coronary syndrome (31.4%, 11/35) and sepsis (14.3%, 5/35). Surgery after 48 hours of admission had a significantly higher 30-day mortality rate (11 % versus 4%, p = 0.006). There was a significant difference in age (p = 0.034), admission source (p < 0.001), preoperative haemoglobin (p < 0.001), walking ability (p = 0.004), number of comorbidities (p = 0.004) and pre-existing dementia (p = 0.01), cardiac disease (p < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) (p = 0.036) and renal failure (p = 0.007) between the 30-day mortality group and the rest of the cohort. Surgical delay greater than 48 hours, admission source and pre-existing cardiac disease were identified as the strongest predictors of 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION: Surgical delay is an important but avoidable determinant of early mortality after HFS. Respiratory and cardiac function needs to be optimised postoperatively with early intervention in patients with signs of cardiovascular compromise or infection.